Choctaw Villages Swanton

From Swanton, Source Material for the Social and Ceremonial Life of the Choctaw Indians, ¹ the Sixtowns District Okla Hannali extended to certain neighbors, particularly Chickashawhay and Yowanni, and another body, the Kunshak or Cane Towns, centrally located, and early in the 18^th century the location of the principal leadership of the nation also embraced the customs and differentiation noted among the Sixtown Villages. Regis De Roulliet gave these people the name Okla Chito, or Big People. These towns had a different dialect, as did the other two districts the Okla Falaya (Long People) and the Okla Tannap (The Other Party) (Cushman names this district Apa Opetat.). A part of the Sixtowns that sided with the English against the French was called Inglis Tamaha (English Town).

The following table is the Villages as given by Swanson²

Name	Meaning	Location	District	1784 Divisions don’t always match
Nashobawenya	Howling Wolf	Jasper County	Sixtown	Nashuba Huanya
Oskelagna	Yellow Cane	Probably Jasper	Sixtown	Usgue Lagana
Tala	Palmetto	S. Newton County	Sixtown	Tala
Siniasha	Sycamore Place	Unknown	Sixtown	Seniacha
Boktoloksi	Little two streams	Boguetuluski Creek Off Chickashawhay	Sixtown
Cousanna/Tousanna	None Given	Unknown	Sixtown
Inglis Tamaha	English City	NE part Jasper Probably same as Cousanna		Yngles Tamaha
Chickasawhay	None Given	Clarke Co, 3 miles From Enterprise	Southern	Chicachae
Yowani	Junebug	East side Chickashaway Wayne county	Southern	Yanni
Talapokta	Palmetto (where two bayous) unite	Jasper County	Southern	Taulepa
Chiskilikbacha	Blackjacks in a row	Probably Jasper	Southern	Escalibacha
Puskustakali	Child hanging	Sw Kemper	Southern	Puscus Tacale
Bissasha	Blackberry/Mulberry Place	Newton Co., west side of LR Creek	Southern	Beacha
Otak Chito Tamaha	Big Prairie Town	Unknown	Southern	Octa Chito
Otak Chinakbi	Crooked Prairie	Garlandville, Jasper county	Southern
Bishkun	None given	Jasper county	Southern	Bisconne
Oka Taleya	Water Spreading	East Smith County	Southern
Coatraw	Perhaps this is Tala	Sw of Newton, Newton County	Southern
Sakti Tamaha	Bluff Town	Unknown	Southern	Sacte Tamaha
Itchechana	? Notched Stick	Unknown	Southern	Ite Chana
Shumotakali	Moss Hanging	Unknown	Southern	Cheman Tacante
Tinshinkla	Blue Jay	Unknown	Southern	Tinsca Itla
Chucafalaya	Longhouse	Unknown	Southern	Chuca Falaya
Ouiacha	Not clear	Unknown	Southern	Ouiacha
Osapa Chito	Big Field	Unknown	Southern	Ozapachito
Kunshak (Coosa/Kunsa)	Cane Brake	Losthorse Creek, Lauderdale Co.	Central
Kunshak Chito	Big Cane Town	Near upper Oktibehha Cr, Kemper Co	Central
Kunshak Bolukta	Round cane break	Sw Kemper, near Lauderdale and Neshoba	Central	Concha Bulucta
Kunshak /Oka Lusa	Black Water	Whites Br. Kemper County	Central	Oqueluza
Bokfalaia	Long Creek	Unknown	Central/western	Buflaya
Iyanabi	Ironwood	Yannubbee Creek, Dekalb, Kemper Co	Central/western	Yanahe
Koweh Chito/ mentions Panther	A great league	Nw Dekalb, Kemper Co	Central/western
Boktuklo	Two creeks	Unknown	Central	Buctuclo
Boktuklo chito	Two big creeks Running tiger Koi Yanalli	Nw of Dekalb at confluence of Running tiger and Sukenatcha Creek	Central
Lukfata	Chalk/white clay	Headwaters of prong of Sukenatcha Creek	Central	Lucfeata
Skanapa	Unfortunate ones	Prob. On running tiger creek, Kemper	Central
West Kunshak Chito	West big cane town	Neshoba near headwaters of Oktibehha Cr	Western
Abissa	Village of Mulberries	Unknown	Western	Bezahacha
Yazoo, West Yazoo	None	Near headwaters of Oktibehha Creek, Neshoba County	Western	Yasu
Imoklasha	There people are there	Headwaters of Talasha Cr, Neshoba	Western	Mongulacha
Kashtasha	Place of fleas	S side of custusha Cr, s of W. Yazoo Town	Western
Kafitalaia	Sassafras Thicket	On owl Cr, Neshoba	Western	Café talaya
West Abeka	Unhealthy place	Unknown	Western
Utapacha	Rows of chestnut trees	Unknown	Western
Osapa chito	Big cornfield	Site of Dixon, Neshoba County	Western	Ozapa chito
Okehanea Tamaha	Uncertain	Unknown	Western
Osak Talaia	Hickory grove	Near line between Neshoba and Kemper	Western	ochactalaya
Chunkey	Perhaps referring to game	Site of Union, Newton Co.	Western	Chanke
Chunky Chito	Big Chunkey	West bank of Chunkey Cr,	Western/sixtown
Itichipota	Little Tress	Between headwaters of Tombigbee and Chickasawhay	Western	Etuc Cambule?
Bok Chito	Big Creek	Probably on Bogue Chitto Neshoba and Kemper counties	Western
Atlantchito		Unknown	Western
Hashuk Chuka	Grass hut	Unknown	Western	Achonchuba?
Bokfoka	Near the creek	Unknown	Western	Bucpica or Bucjuca
Tiwaele	Land abounding in squirrels, subsidiary of hokfoka	Unknown	Western
Oklabalabaha	People talking unintelligibley	Unknown	Western
Oka hullo	Sacred water	Prob near Sanotee Cr, Kemper	Western
Otuk Falaia		Unknown	Western
Hashuk Homa	Red grass	Unknown	Western
Okla Tanap	War people	Unknown	Western
Oni Talemon	Where the wild onions are	So of Pickney Mill, Newton	Western	Uni
Oka Kapassa	Cold water	Abt at Pickney Mill, Newton	Western
Shinuk Kaha	Lying in sand	NE of Philadelphia, Newton	Western	Chenucaha
Oka Coopoly	Uncertain	On Ocobly Creek Neshoba	Western	Oguecuple
Halunlawi Asha	Bullfrog place	Site of Philadelphia, Neshoba	Western	Olan Luacha
Lushapa	Perhaps Lunsalaka	Perhaps on Lunsalaka Cr, Neshoba	Western
Oka Chippo	Perhaps water run down	Unknown	Western
Konshak Osapa	Canebreak field	Somewhere w of west imoklasha	Western
Tonicahaw		Unknown	Western
Cabea Hoola		Unknown	Western
Okapoola		Unknown	Western
Wiatakali	Hanging loft	South of Dekalb and Jackson Rd, Neshoba	Western
Fan Yakni	Squirrel country	Unknown	Western
Shinuk Chuckilissa	Deserted sand	Unk	Western
Nita Asha	Bears Home	Abandoned 1702	Western
Ite Ousano	Hard wood	Unknown	Western
Kinte Oke	Water where there are beavers	Unknown	Western
Nusi kon chito	Big alcorns	Unknown	Western
Okhata Talaia	Spreading pond	Conehatta district of Newton county, s 11 t 7e	Western
Holihta Asha	Fort Place	Dekalb, Kemper	Eastern	Olanluacha
Chicatalya		Unknown	Eastern
East Abeka	Unhealthy place	Junction straight creek with Sukenatcha, Kemper	Eastern	Abeca
Ibetap Okla iskitini	Little source people	Head of main prong Yazoo Cr, Kemper	Eastern	Ebitabuguluchi
Kunshak Tikpi	Canebrake knob	Coonshark Cr, Neshoba	Eastern
Itokchako	Green wood	Near east abeka, Kemper	Eastern	Ite Ochaco
Osap Issa	Abandoned field	N side of Black River, kemper	Eastern
Yazoo Iskitini	Little Yazoo	Both sides yazoo Cr.,	Eastern	Yassu?
Ibetap Okla chito	Big source people	Perhaps on straight creek, Kemper	Eastern	Ebitbugula
Imoklasha iskitini	Little band of relations	Flat cr, East prong of Yazoo, Kemper	Eastern	Mongulacha Esquitini
Pachanucha	Where pigeons sleep	Unknown	Eastern
Athlepele	Perhaps alipilla	Unknown	Eastern
Chuka Lusa	Black House	Unknown	Eastern
Hankha ula	Wild goose crying	Between petickfa and blackwater creeks, Kemper	Eastern	Ankkaula
East Kunshak Chito	East big cane brake	Near Moscow, Kemper	Eastern	Coucha
Shumotakali #2	Moss Hanging	Kemper Co between head prongs Blackwater Cr	Eastern
Watanlula	Whooping Crane	Unknown	Eastern
Pante, from pinti	White rats around the prairie	Head of Ponta Cr., Lauderdale	Eastern
Cutha Aimethaw		Unknown	Eastern
Oka Altakala	Prob between waters	Prob confluence of petickfa and yannubbe Cr, Kemper	Eastern
Nushkubo		Perhaps on or near Petikfa cr, Kemper	Eastern
Chuka Hullo #2	Sacred house	On N side Sukenatcha cr, near running tiger and straight creek, Kemper	Eastern
Cuthi Ukehaca		On or Near Parkers creek, empties into Petikfa, Kemper	Eastern
Yanatoe		Prob sw kemper co	Eastern
Alamucha		10 m from Sukenatcha Cr, kemper	Eastern
Thicacho oulasta,	Perhaps Chi-  cacha oulasita		Unknown
Ahipata bita Brugoula		Abandoned 1748	Unknown
Tabogoula			Unknown
Cha'ta tascanan gouchy			Unknown
Choutoua togoule			Unknown
Teeakhaily ekutapa	Standing pine	On lower Tombigbee	Not given
Chisha foka	Among the post oaks	Jackson MS	Not given
Shukhata	Opossum	Columbus, Alabama	Not given

Many of these towns were extinct by the time of the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek. Probably in no small part due to the land cessions in previous treaties. As a result we see communities living on the Oxnubbe (Noxunnubbe), Yalobusha, Tombigbee and Pearl Rivers, most of these not named on the above list. We also see a larger portion living in what will become Washington, Sumter and Choctaw counties Alabama, but only one town is named in Alabama on the above list. It is useful however in understanding some of the key areas still in use during removal.

The Moeties as given by Swanton are the Beloved People, innholunta, being the beloved people, and the immoklushas, which Swanton takes as a term for leader, and the Kashap Okla, the divided people. A trivial note in 1772 by a British officers gives an example, Concha Oumanstabe, a Choctaw Chief was of the Immoklusha Clan, or the Peaceful family of the Chickasawhay village. ³ For moieties (corrected forms from Swanton in parenthesis) we have the following information there being for the Innholunta the Chufa (Chafa) iska, Iskulani,(iskitini), Chito and Shakchukia (Shakichuma), and for the immoklushas, the Kushiska (Kunsha), Lawokla (Luae Okla) , Lulak (tulak) Iska, and Linoklusha. (Itimoklusha)⁴ This certainly seems to be more indicative of the early smaller tribes who confederated into the Choctaw nation to me.

 Swanton goes on to say

“In fact these local groups seem to have been of all sizes and grades of importance, and were probably frequently increased by subdivision or the incorporation of foreign elements and decreased by the dying out of older iksas. At the present day it is impossible to make anything like a complete list of iksas, and I do not feel sure that the names which I give are all properly used in this connection. They are the following: Bok Chito, " Big Stream," on the stream so called (Bogue Chitto), which flows into Pearl River near its head, the only iksa to remain aloof from missionary teachings; Biasha, " Mulberry place," still living a few miles west of Philadelphia, Miss.; Okla hånnali, " Sixtowns," in and about Jasper County, Miss.; Okla untuklo, " Seven towns," near Hays, about 23 miles southwest of Philadelphia; Yåkan-okåni, "Land Creek," just west of Carthage, in Leake County, Miss.; Haiyip atokola, "Second lake," or "Two lakes," in the northeastern part of the old Mississippi territory. Chikashahe, " Chickasaw potato(?)," said by one informant to have been east of Mashulaville, but anciently, at all events, on the headwaters of the Chiclcasa whay River; Kuⁿshak, " reedbrake people" (though by one informant affirmed to have been the name of a bird found in the reedbrakes), said to have been north of Mashulaville, but anciently much farther south; Okla falaia, " long people," according to some Mississippi Choctaw about 16 miles north of Philadelphia, according to others near Harperville in Scott County; ⁸⁰ Spani okla, " Spanish people," 25 to 40 miles east of Jackson, Miss.; Obåla chaha iksa, along Turkey Creek, in the northeastern part of Scott County and the southeastern part of Neshoba; Koe chito, "Panther," not located; Bok falaia, " Long Creek," not located; and Yanabe, Yashu, Abeka, Lukfata, and Haiyowani, which were also names of well-known Choctaw towns and may easily be located. Mr. Bushnell adds the Shunkwane ogla (Shuⁿkåni okla), "Ant people," and Cushman, as we have seen, speaks of one known as Apela, " to help," " to assist." Gatschet mentions a few groups besides which may belong in this category, Cofetaláya, " quail are there Pineshuk Indians, "on a branch of Pearl River, in Winston County," the name perhaps transposed from " pishånnuk," the bass or linden tree; Sukinatchi or " Factory Indians," in Kemper County; the Cobb Indians, called after their leader, Colonel Cobb, but also known as Hopahka Indians; and the Shuqualak, in Noxubee County. Simpson Tubby spoke of a band in the Sixtown country called Tåshka himmita. Some of these may have been temporary or town groups instead of true iksa, and it is difficult to find out where the application of the term iksa begins or ends. Sometimes it seems to have been identical with a town, sometimes it appears to have embraced several towns, but more often I believe that each town was composed of several iksa ⁵

⁶

Thus strengthening my belief that you have in fact a three prong system (the Iska was the exogamous portion). The Moeity divisions, explained by Galloway as the older and younger people, the Iskas, the tribe of origin, and then lastly the Clan, also called Iska that represents in a great part regions where they lived. It is subjective, but I am of the mind that the marriage was most likely in relationship to the original tribe first and foremost, so when one was of the Kunshak Iska, it really meant they were from the people that originally settled the Kunsha area of the Central District given in the listing above. The Okla Hannalli, or Six towns may in fact be relatives of this group, as may the Yanni and Chickasawhay who are often associated with this grouping. I find it interesting that Swanton assigns Kunsha in 1784 to East Kunsha when in fact the actual village of Kunsha may have been the location, especially given the treaty of 1803 and 1802. I also noticed in the 1784 some of the names seemed to resemble the names of some of the towns. I wonder if given the newness of the Confederation, if the association with their town was part of their name? The practice surely changed by the nineteenth century.

1 ¹ John R. Swanton, Source Material for the Social and Ceremonial Life of the Choctaw Indians (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1931)55-57 ,Questia, Web, 24 May 2010

2 ¹ John R. Swanton, Source Material for the Social and Ceremonial Life of the Choctaw Indians (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1931) 59-67,Questia, Web, 24 May 2010

3 John R. Swanton, Source Material for the Social and Ceremonial Life of the Choctaw Indians (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1931) 76-78,Questia, Web, 24 May 2010.

4  John R. Swanton, Source Material for the Social and Ceremonial Life of the Choctaw Indians (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1931) 79-80,Questia, Web, 24 May 2010.

5 John R. Swanton, Source Material for the Social and Ceremonial Life of the Choctaw Indians (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1931) 81-82,Questia, Web, 24 May 2010.

6 John R. Swanton, Source Material for the Social and Ceremonial Life of the Choctaw Indians (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1931) 81,Questia, Web, 24 May 2010.

18th Century Choctaw Chiefs and Villages

1784 Spanish Treaty

Note

SH is often CH

N is often nasal sound,

SG and GN, often replace the ck or sk sounds in Choctaw

I haven’t figured out the equivalent to Estuna Yet…. There is tima or tona are likey the correct version, it’s possible the Spanish added sounds just as they drop off letters. Additonally Choctaws contract words together but the rules aren’t universal. This is at best a guess.

Huma/Homa are the same thing and mean red

Villages Southern or Central/SixTowns Oklahannalli

Usguelagana= Oskelagna (I believe this is the place where the Chief of the nation resided)

Aya Estanagui (Aya istanaksi ) Principal Chief of the Choctaw Nation of the village of Usguelagana

Mesticho Large Medal Chief

Mingo Tabasa , Small Medal Chiefs **I think this is Mingo Tobaca**

Ochinohahuma

Naguestuna = Nacki tona?

Cachuni Mastape = Kanchi Mastubee?

Puchi huma = Pushi Huma

Tamaobe, Captains

Mingo Talaya = Mingo

Panchi Mantla = Panshi/Punshi

Imaabe= Im? ubi

Puchi huma Chito = Pushi Huma Chito

Clatala huma = Oclacta Huma

Chicachi Nantla =Chickashi Oclacta?

Cachuma Ecabe Cachuma abi?

Nahu Mastabe = Nahollo Mastubbe most likey

Canelechabe Cunnoalo abi

Puchi Mastabe= Pushi Mastabe

Oechanyi Mastabe=

Village of Sacte Tamaha = Sakti Tamaha

Ulbalent, captain

Village of Ite Chama = Itchechana

Chicacha Huma, Small Medal Chief = Chickasha Huma

Village of Chemon Tacante = Shumotakali

Tiupoye, Captains

Aseta Huma

Tinsielta = Tinshinkla

Pucha Huma, Small Medal Chief = Pusha Huma

Tote Huma, Captain Toote Homa

Not named/ Unclear

Puchi Huacaya, Large Medal Chief

Eyahci Humo, Small Medal Chief

Cachuni Mastabe, Captain

Chuca Talaya= Chucafalaya

Atona Upay, Capt = Hatona Hopaii?

Beacha ? Swanton/Halbert have this as Bissacha

Utaccta Huma, Large Medal Chief

Octachito = Otak Chito Tamaha

Tichu Mastabe, Small Medal Chief =Tisho Mastubbe

Nahu Mastabe, Captains = Nahollo Mastubbe

Puchi Mataha = Pushi Mataha

Totepana = Toote Pana

Yagne Achucuma = Yackni Achuchuma (Good Land)not in Halbert/swanson’s list

Cayabe, Capt

Octue Chanacbe = Octak Chinakabe

Mingo Homo Astabe, Large Medal Chief

Puchi Huma Chita, Small medal Chief

OcchaNace Huma, Captain = Okshaki Homa?

Occylata = Ocatalaya

Chuculacta, Small Medal Chief= Chocco Olacta

Chulus mastabe, Captains = Chulo Mastubbee

Estuna Huma= Stona? Huma

Oviacha= Ouiacha

Puchi Estuna Huma, Large Medal Chief= Pushi stona Huma

Cachuna Anchabe, Small Medal Chief

Alpatak Huma, Captain

Puchi Huma = Pushi Huma

Puscustacale= Puscustakali

Chico Pahuma, Small Medal Chiefs ? Little Payhuma?

Tupa Huma Chito = Tuppa Huma Chito

Tenite Huma, Captains

Cuata Huma

Tapina Huma Chito = Tappenya Huma Chito

Concha Bulak = Kunsha Bolukta

Asita Huma, now chief of Small Medal

Six Towns (named specifically as part of )

Chickashaway = Chickashaway

Puchi Mataha, Chief of the Large Medal, = Pushi Mataha

Ilepatapo, Small Medal Chiefs

Itelegana = Iteleskana?

Tusca Nansuchihuma = Tusca Nansuchi Huma

Tascullabe, Captains =Tusca/Tasca abi

Mingo Huma = Mingo Huma

Mingo Puscus Hastabe= Mingo Pus Cus Ubi (Astabi)

Mingo Mastabe = Mingo Mastabe

Tasgne Mataha = Taski/Tuski Mataha

Panchi Mastabe = Panchi/Pushi Mastabe

Chuca Astabe = Choca abi

Chalita Huma= Chillitah Huma

Olacta Huma – Olacta (immolacta) Huma

Yanni = Yowani

Mingo Mastabe, Large Medal Chief = Mingo Mastabe

Nacuma Acho, Small Medal Chiefs =? Naholla Huma Hacho

Totambe

Contanas Estabe, Captains

Pacima

Puchambe

Ayachi Huma= Hachi Huma

Escalibacha = Chiskilikbacha

Nachoha Mingo Chito, Large Medal

Usculahuma, Small medal Chief Chuskula Huma

Ochincha Huma, Captains

Chicache Huma

Tamaha Mastabe

Tasqui Etoca Taski Atoka

Cheleta Ambe Chellita ubi?

Nachunubahuanya = Neshoba Wenya

Puchi Mataha, large medal chief

Puchachabe, Captains

Occhanacho

Puchi Estanabe

Chape Estanabe

Puchi Huma

Espana Huma (Red Spain??)

Tamaha= English Tamaha

Tasa Hamanstabe, Large Medal Chief =Tasca Homomastubbee?

Achon Huma, Small Medal Chiefs

Tasca Huma = Tasca Huma

Conche Huma, Captains =Kunshak Huma

Tenete Huma

Canalechabe

Seniacha = Seniasha

Chapa Huma Talay, Large Medal Chief Shappa Huma Tala?

Chuca Olacta, Small Medal Chief

Tuton Chave, Captains

Occhlita Huma =Oklita Huma

Olita Astabe

Taulepo = Talepokta

Tacho Acho,

Villages Small Part (Eastern)

Janabe = Iyanabe

Upa Hulu, Large Medal Chief

Chuca Tastabe, Small Medal Chief

Illacta Opaye, Captains Olacta Hopaii

Alpatec Huma

Noscobo = ? Nusi con Chito

Tatuli Mastabe, Capt

Ebita Bagula = Ibetap Okla Chitto

Tusca Patapp, Large Medal Chief

Puchi Mastabe, Small Medal Chief

Nahulubbe, Captains Nahollo Lubbee

Espana Huma

Ticho Opaye Ticho Hopaii

Ebita Bugalashi = Ibetap Okla Iskitini

Chuco Olacta, Large Medal Chief

Pucha Huma, Captain

Tombigbee = village on the Tombigbee but where?not on Halbert/Swanton’s list

Tatula Mataha, Captain **

Mongulacha = Imoklasha Iskitini?

Tiopayi Acho, Small Medal Chief Tio Hopai Acho

Tuba Mastabe, Captain

Olitacha= Holitha Asha

Esquelani Paye mingo, Small Medal Chief = Iskalani Pai Mingo

Unanchiabe, Captains

Tiapuye

Nantla

Abecca = East Abeca

Chulis Mastabe, Small Medal Chief

Tichu Olacta, Captains Tisho Olacta

Tasgui Mataha Taski Mataha

Tichu Mingo Tisho Mingo

Achonchuba = ? Swanton lists this as Hashuk Chuka (western) I don’t know if I agree

Olacte nantla, Small Medal Chiefs

Chuaste nantla

Chacaye Buctucli, Captains Chakaya Boktokli

Yatalahuma Atala Homa

Ankhaila = Hankha Ula

Nahula Mastube, Large Medal Chief Nahollo Mastubbee

Puchanchabe, Small Medal Chief Puckanshabi

Moyuehi, Captain

Yteochaco = Itokchako

Tanapuma, Captain Tanapy Homa

Lucfecta = Lukfakta

Puchoneabe, Captain =Pushanubbee?

Buefalaya = Bokfalaya

Anchana Huma, Captains

Chelita Huma Chelittah Huma

Yasu = East Yazoo

Mingo Pus Cus Large Medal Chief

Paye Mataha, Captains Paye Mataha

Elmon Nachabe

Chica Mastabe

Concha = Kunshak, Oka Lusa, Pante, and Chemifalaya (Shumotakali?)

Note *Concha also in the name of Okalusa, Chemon Tale, and Pante*

Mingo Pus Cus, Large medal Chiefs

Pucha Huma Chito

Yanni Mingui Mastabe, Small Medal Chiefs

Mingo Olizo

Unachabe, Captains

Puchi Mastabe

Nopala Huma

Paye Emta

Villages Large Part (Western)

Ozapachito = Osapa Chito

Tasca Hupa, Large Medal Chiefs

Achufale

Puchanchabe, Small Medal Chief

Hupatabe, Captains

El Colabe

Aenchabe

Chintabe

Occhalintabe

Lavutannube

Alnonlavacha= Haluwani Asha

Franchiamastabbe, Large Medal Chief

Caluchapo, Captains

Ogula Taclabe

Ogueenple = Oka Coopoly

Nuckpala Huma, Captian

Chenucaha = Shinuk Kaha

Aseta Huma, Large Medal Chief

Chack Huma, Captain Shaki Huma?

Cafelaya = Kafitalaia

Tupa Huma, Large Medal Chief

Anchaha Huma, Captain

Mongulachi = Imoklashi

Puchi Hupaye, Large Medal Chief = Pushi Hopaii

Altala Huma Chito, Small Medal Chief Altala Huma Chito

Ontaclabe, Captains

Oqueletenlabe

Meantabe

Payo Chito

Eyapo Astabe

Atona Huma

Eleth Luabe

Chambule = Cabea Hoola? Halbert/Swanton has this as Itichipota

Chafaeoecha Nia, Captain

Yassa = Yazoo

Tascapilaheho, Large Medal Chief Tasca

Atona Opaye, Captains =Hatona Hopaii?

Chucabe

Olacta Acho

Castacha = Kash Tasha

Nanhulu Mastabe, Small Medal Chief = Nahollo Mastubbee

Ochaetalaya = Osak Talaya

Oyopa Huma, Small Medal Chief = Probably Hopaii Huma

Tasca nanguchi, Captain

Bezzacha = Halbert has this as Abissa

Pahuma, Small Medal Chief = Peyhuma

Pachi Mastubbe, Captain = Pushi Mastabe

Chanke = Chunky

Ebacae Atabe, Small Medal Chief =

Uni = Oni Talemon

Tache mastabe, Small Medal Chief = Taski Mastabe?

Puchi Huma, Captain = Pushi Huma

Differences in Locations from Spanish Treaty to locations placed by Halbert and Swanton

I certainly think that part of the central/sixtown or southern district had some fluidity in it’s allegiance between 1784 and 1830. Add to this the loss of land, and the migration of the villages further north after the early treaties, and I think that some of the areas may have been correct in both accounts. Also, we see the Choctaw use the same names for places in the new territory (Oklahoma) that they used in the old, so it’s possible that as a village moved, the name remained the same. We know that in almost all treaties, Six Towns always had a representative (for example Red Fort), that signed for the Six Towns, despite the fact they technically had a district chief. We definitely see an independence with the Six Town and the Sukenatcha (Little Leader’s) bands in later years.

Six Town Villages

Nashobawenya, Oseklagna, Tala, Siniasha, Boktolski, and Cousanna

Southern Villages

Inglis Yamaha (not specified), Chickashaway, Yowanni, Talapokta, Chiskililbacha, Puskusitali, Bissacha, Otak Chito Tamaha, Otak Chinakbi, Bishkun, Oka Talaya, Coatraw, Sakti Tamaha, Itchetana, Shumotakali, Tinshinkla, Chucafalaya, Ouiacha, Osapa Chito,

Central Villages

Kunshak, Kunshak Chito, Kunshak Bolukta, Kunshak/Oka Lusa, Boktuklo, Boktuklo Chito, Lukfata, Skanapa

Central/Western Villages

Bokfalaya, Iyanabi, Kowey Chito/Panther (?Pante)

Western Villages

Abissa. Yazoo/West Yazoo, Imoklasha, Kashtasha, Kafitalaia, West Abeka, Osapa Chito, Okehanea Tamaha, Osak Talaia, Chunkey, Chunkey Chito, Itichipota, Bok Chito, Atlantchito, Hashuk Chuka, Bokfoka, Tiwaele, Oklabalabaha, Oka Hullo, Otuk Falaia, Oni Talemon, Oka Kapassa, Shinuk Kaha, Halunlawi Asha, Lushapa, Oka Chippo, Konshak Osapa, Tonicahaw, Cabea Hoola, Okapoola, Wiatakali, Fan Yackni, Shinuk Chikilissi, Nita Asha, Ite Ousano, Nusi kon Chito, Okhata Talaia

Eastern Villages

Holihta Asha, Chicatalaya, East Abeka, Ibetap Okla Iskitini, Kunshak Tikpi, Itokchako, Osap Issa, Yazoo Iskitini, Ibetap Okla Chito, Imoklasha Iskitini, Pachanucha, Athlepele, Hankha ula, East Kunshak Chito, Shumotakali #2, Watanlula, Pante, Cutha Aimethaw, Oka Atakala, Nushkubo, Chuko Hullo #2, Yanatoe, Alamucha,

Unknown locations * Some of these are Spanish names of Choctaw words*

Thicasha Oulasta,, Ahipata bita brugola, Tabogoula, Chata Tascanan gouchy, Teekhaily ekutapa, Choutou togoule, Chisha Foka, Shukhata

This and That - Notes from Historical Resources

This and That

Pushmataha A Choctaw Leader and His people, Gideon Linceucum with an introduction by Greg O’Brien, The University of Alabama Press, 2004. p. 96

General Hlikooohlo (Hummingbird)

Captain Nashobanowa (walking wolf)

Peachlichiskitinia (Little Leader) (Should be Hopaii Iskitinis)

Mushulatubbe’s mouthpiece Eyahoatubi

p. 100 says Pushmataha born 2 miles above Macon on Noxunnubbee on East Bank (personally think this is rubbish)

American State Papers, Indian Affairs Volume one..

Treaty of 1801

Oak Chume “Uncle great chief recently died” , (Franchimastubbee had died, so had Taboca?)…Of Western Division (upper towns)

Tuskona Hopaii (lower towns)

Toote Homa (lower towns)

Mingo Poos Coos of Chickasaw half town (also Kunsha)

Puck Shum Ubbee of Upper towns (Apuck shun Nubbee)

Elautauholoo homma No district

Buckshunubbee “old factor” next day, IS THIS APUCK???

Mingo Homo Mastubby

Hoche Homo (Haschi Homa?)… was at Hopewell

Shappa Homa ? was at 1792/3

Edmond Folsom

Robert McClure

1792 American Treaty

Great medal chiefs

Ileopoenautlau (Shot in the mouth)

Itlehomomastubbe (Red wood)

Pia Mastubbbee

Small Medal Chiefs

Piahoomah

Hooletenah

Tunnatheomah

Chillashoemastubbee (Red Shoes)

Capts

Nootoolemastabbe

Taskaastubbee (Taschimastubbee)

Oaklateloemastimastubbee (Oklataloma Imastubbee?)

Ohephamby

Emaalubby

Tootehoomah

Ocakoah

Fannemecastabbee

Shepahoomak

Kooshehoomaleader,

George James, son of Ben

Oshapoiah

Uskenasopoaih

Olaquetalay

Uskonopoaih, the old chief

The Choctaw before Removal, (Essays) Edited by Carolyn Fuller Reeves, University Press of Mississippi, 1985

Patricia Galloway, the civil war 1746-1750 chapter 6

Some Notes

Destroyed villages 1751, Kunsha Chitto, Nushkobo ? and West Abeka

French.,.. “local staf”

Mingo

Tisho Mingo…master of ceremonies

Taskanongouchi, speaker

Soulouche oumastabe (red shoe killer) sometimes seen as Mingo Ouma

Hopaii Mingo, and variations, Prophet chief, (pahemingo, Paemingo, opayemingo)

Fani Mingo, seen so frequently must be titile

Red and white leaders likely moieties

Western with alliances externally with the Chakchiuma and Chickasaw, Eastern with the Alabama, and the Six towns, including Chickasawhay and Yowani, possibly with the small coastal tribes and Choctaw related tribes of the Mobile River.

No evidence moieties weren’t equally distributed, but in at least the war, the leading men of the eastern and western divisions were members of opposite moeties. (Supposed to be scattered throughout, no explanation on why this is).

By 1732 there are five great medal chiefs, and later refer to 6. At start of civil war, the medals were held by an Eastern Chief, Western Chief, Kunsha Chief, Chickasawhay Chief with authority over 6 towns, a Supreme Chief( created and ineffectual) and War chief (actual position within the tribe). Blood revenge had always been external, never internal until this war.

French pressed Choctaw into war 1729 when Natchez killed entire fort, then again in 1736 and in 1739-1740…

French had missionary post near the southern border in 1728 and Fort Tombecbe as a supply base in 1736.

French saw Choctaws ties with Britain as a threat, but they never had a good “supply” of goods, the British, too far to do sole trade saw this as a way to annoy the French.

Chickasaws were involved as well..

Red Shoes…note “the red shoes’ was living in Kunsha chitto…presumably served as speaker for the supreme chief. 1731 became known, he was solidly aligned with the English. Faction consisted of members of his family or race, (?moety)), which included the red shoes of Cushtusha Village. He was in western division, he would attack the Chickasaw to get French presents, then treat with them to get English presents.

Alibamon Mingo, of Kunsha was allied with the French mainly after 1736., He was Inhunlataha whereas Red Shoes was Imoklasha…

Another chief, died in 1746 was Chooucoulacta , War chief of Choctaw Nation in 1739, o f Inhunlatah moiety , had more weight than either of the other two, controlled 10 villages near Fort Tombecbe, and was closely allied until his death with Alibamon Mingo.

An Ally of Red shoes was Mougoulasha Mingo of Chickashaway with authority over six towns, obtained about 1741, resented French. Was of Imoklasha moety.

1743 French want Choctaw to war with Chickasaw as the latter won’t force English out…

Request Choucouloulacta and Toupaoumastabe (war chief of Kunsha and brother to Alibamon Mingo)

July 20 Red shoes had killed some Chikcasaws, but then at Yanabe persuades the village to seek English trade. Sent an embassy of his son in law and two brothers in law (possibly one Mongloulacha Mingo) to negotiate with the Chieckasaws.

At Oni village full support of Alibamon Mingo was secured…Chickasaws addressed Choctaws in August at Boktuklo chitto, only opposition was Oni and Kunsha villages.

September French sent goods to Kunsha Chitto, Kunsha, Yazoo and Boktuklo Chitto. Alibamon Mingo’s subchiefs were Tooupaoumastabe and offemeko, Red Shoews brouthe was Tatoulimataha of Little Wood.

By October two English traders were killed, and two Frenchmen were accused of rape. In December, a Choctaw woman from Cushtusha and Imayatabes nephew came to trade with the Chickasaw a (for English goods) and free Choctaw prisoners. In 1746 medals/presents in Mobile, Redshoe and Mongoulacha Mingo did not appear. Redshoes sent Imataha Pouschouche, his “brother to the English…that April…

Redshoes needed Chickasaw peace to have English trade, and he had lost his French medal. Choucoulacta was raiding the Chickasaws still (* guess he wasn’t dead yet). So Redshoes decided with Apekimataha of West Abeka and Opayechitto of Immongoulacha to kill three French men… Petit, Replinque, and De Verbois. The French demanded three Choctaws be killed in exchange for the French traders. *** up till this time this had NEVER been a thing to be done inside the Choctaw nation only externally***

October 1745… meeting of the Mingos

Mongoulacha Mingo, anti French (believed French were going to give his medal toe a Red chief (other moety)…

Captain of Immongoulaca and the taskanancouchi of Yowani were pro French

Mingo Ouma urged Choctaw resolve this them selves…

Abihka rejected an alliance with Red Shoes…

Alibamon Mingo urged they follow French demands,

Toupaiumastabe and Ouikanabe Mingo, also from Kunsha argued that this should be done by the Western division.

Taskanangouchi of Blue Wood (** which village is this) urged deliberation

Taskanangouchi of yazoo supported Alibamon Mingo who had taken over the Eastern division

Chief of Yello canes and Nachoubaoeynya were pro French

Chief of Tala, Mingo Ouma of Nachobaoenya, Imataha Pouscouche fanimingo Tchaa of Senechaand the chiefs of Buktoolooctsi and Toussana and Pushimatha of Toussana argued that taking the side of the French meant a civil war. …the last Pushumatha of Toussana stated six towns would not join in a vcivil war but would fight the Chickasaw.

French recognized supreme chief was from Oulitacha in eastern division, he along with a Chief of chichatalaya and Imataha Mingo of Ibitoupougoula were pro French. Imatha Mingo did oppose civil war.

Paemingo of Cushtusha while trading at fort said he would kill Redshoes along with Taskaoumingo of bokfucka, Pushumataha of Toussana, Illetaska of Immongoulasha, and Tatoulimataha of Little Wood, Red shoe’s “elder brother”

Hmm…Tatoulimataha said he couldn’t kill redshoes because of such a close relation, and it should be done by the Abihka or Talapoosa…?

???..sounds like they still considered them “non Choctaw” though the Abeka villages were in the nation….also mentioned an Alabaman chief whose son was the nephew of a choctaw…confusing…

From Choctaws in a Revolutionary age Dr. Greg O'brien

Mingo Pus Coos..nephew Nanoulamatabe (Nahullo Mastabbee)…

Sons of Taboca..Taniahuma, Onon Chaabe and Tasca Humasto…

Also another nephew was Stonahoma…

Oakchume was somehow a relative of Taboca or Franchimastubbee, mentions “great chief just dying” Taboca’s absence in records suggests he died by 1801.

Read through Kinnard's "Spain in Mississippi" 1945, here are some of the gleaning's I got from this work, comments are in parenthesis (notes taken while reading, sorry about the grammar)

October 27, 1787...

Four americans arrived with a woman, (they traveled with Richard Brashears who had left his wife (Ann) who is the daughter of William Brocus, he was not to return. He left the FAlls or Rapids of Ohio with a brother and 25-30 americans. They went to Chickasaw bluffs but had to leave, he is at Chickasaws with 7 or 8 men and brother is with rest at Falls....

The four americans are James Garland, John Wilson, Robert mcGuinnes and David Withe

Another letter Jan 4, 1790...

Hardy Perry had been resident of Choctaws for 20 years, lived on Big Black (above Bayou Pierre)... many settlers are there now (hardy left)...Franchimastubbe wants presents and is threatening settlers

read the letter of Thomas James in 1792, he implies he lived among them along time...(the choctaws)

another where turnbull had passport to move horses and they suspected he sold them to americans because he had been a rebel in the am rev against spain (with Thomas James btw)

Another one (about 1792)... Franchimastabe had given Turner Brashears (funny spelling) his medals (american) to give to Spanish governor but Tloupou Nantla of Canlabatia in small part went to Cumberland with Payemingo and ogloulayacube of Chickasaws  along with 107 choctaws ... Turner and Franchimastubbee were going to mobile... then goes on about Small part chiefs..appear to be loyal to spain, especially chief of Kunchak called pooscouhe... Yazoo is Franchimastubbee's village, was where the writer was staying.. in small part he will stay with Favre who is employed by the king (franchimastubbe, his father in law)...favre lives four leagues from Franchimastubbee. september 5 1792   John delavillebeuvre agent for Spanish

Nxt letter, not much but says he's at boukvouca sept 10, 1792 at Faver's house...

Who are the talapousas, alot about them and killing folks...

Next letter, wants to arrest John Pitchlynn (funny spelling).. he's been supporting the americans.  Bad whites living among choctaws with wives supported by Choctaw...Talapoosas warn choctaws americans will sieze thie lands and enslave their women and children.. sept 12 1792

Payemingo and the King  of the Chickasaws are different folks, that  one is his brother (payemingo) also seen as paye mataha

1793, Franchimastubbee protests turnbull's store...ah, Franchimastubbee agreed to keep peace with the Creeks and Talapoosa's and the spanish told turnbull to stop trade.

1793, peace conference at long towns, Chickasaw nation, house of piamingo...tuscoonpoy Choctaw Chief gave peace belt from creeks to chickasaws..

toscoapotapo is principle chief of small part 1794...same letter mentions payahyma and puck (Apuckshunnubbee)  from octafalaya

over and over turner is confidant of franchimastubbee...

here is a list of the villages in 1794...ah..kunsha is in small part for the spanish...okay here is a letter from turner in 1794...yellow wood is dead. the lower towns are in mobile, upper towns  aren't, john pitchlynn george james and several others have gone to cumberland. I think he's also complaining about turnbull's trade, but it just mentions it hasn't stopped and needs to...

another letter... pooscoos and naholla mastubbe both mourning their wives.. something about jusan's mission  1794

Traders protesting trade at Nogales in 1794...

Janbatis John Battiest?

David Chota (Choate)

Enok Nelson

Turner Brashears

Phillip Hay

Lewis Ward

Mastang Fils

Loui Flos (louis Leflore)

Michelle (Michael Leflore?)

Loui Catens

Edward Rogers

John Hencock

here  is the letter that is mingopooscoos and his nephew nahollamastubbee...only two chiefs at anchaoula...large village...another letter with more info..nantla  occhanya houman.. brother promised a commission...he is the nephew of the little chief of the Kunsha's whose is coming with nahollamastubbee (also a nephew) to see him